Are Arborvitae Plants Deer Resistant? - Plant Care Guide

No, arborvitae plants are definitively not deer resistant; in fact, they are one of the most frequently browsed and preferred food sources for deer, especially during winter months when other food sources are scarce. Despite their popularity as hedging and screening plants, arborvitae (Thuja) are highly susceptible to deer damage, which can severely disfigure or even kill the plants. Gardeners in areas with deer pressure should anticipate protective measures or choose alternative plants.

Why Do Deer Eat Arborvitae?

Deer eat arborvitae (Thuja) because, despite their aromatic foliage that some might consider unappetizing, these evergreen shrubs represent a readily available and often preferred food source, particularly during challenging times of the year. Their soft, moist foliage is relatively easy to digest, and in environments where deer populations are high or other food is scarce, arborvitae becomes a reliable meal.

Here's a breakdown of why deer find arborvitae so appealing:

• Availability, Especially in Winter: This is a primary reason. Arborvitae are evergreen, meaning their foliage remains available year-round, unlike deciduous plants that drop their leaves in fall. During winter, when snow covers the ground and other food sources (like tender shoots, forbs, or preferred browse) become scarce, arborvitae stands out as an accessible and relatively palatable option.
• Nutritional Value (Comparatively): While not their absolute favorite like some specific agricultural crops, arborvitae foliage does offer some nutritional value, providing critical sustenance when little else is available. In a "food desert" scenario, it's a reliable source of calories and moisture.
• Soft Texture: Unlike some conifers with sharp, prickly needles (e.g., spruces or some junipers), arborvitae has soft, scale-like foliage that is relatively easy for deer to chew and digest.
• High Palatability Under Duress: Even if arborvitae isn't a deer's top choice when abundant options exist, its palatability increases dramatically when other food sources become limited. Hungry deer will browse plants they might otherwise ignore.
• Dense Growth (Easy Access): Arborvitae are often planted in dense hedges or rows, presenting a large, accessible "buffet" for deer. The lower branches are particularly easy for deer to reach and browse.
• Human Plant Choice: Their widespread use in landscapes means there's a lot of it around. Deer quickly learn which plants are common in residential areas and easy to find.

In essence, while arborvitae may not be a deer's gourmet meal of choice, it's a readily available, year-round, and relatively easy-to-consume food source, making it a frequent target, especially when natural forage is scarce. This explains why arborvitae are definitively not deer resistant.

What Does Deer Damage to Arborvitae Look Like?

Deer damage to arborvitae is usually quite distinctive, characterized by specific browsing patterns and physical alterations to the plant. Recognizing these signs helps confirm that deer are the culprits, allowing you to implement appropriate protective measures for your valuable evergreens.

Here's what deer damage to arborvitae looks like:

1. Clean-Cut, Ragged Browsing on Lower Branches:

   • Appearance: Deer typically browse the foliage from the ground up to their maximum reach, which is usually 4-6 feet high. This creates a distinct "browse line" at a consistent height around the plant.
   • Edges: Unlike rabbit damage (which is a clean 45-degree cut) or rodent damage (which leaves gnaw marks), deer lack upper incisors. When they eat, they tear and pull foliage, resulting in a ragged, uneven, or shredded appearance on the bitten ends of the branches. You won't see clean, surgical cuts.
   • Location: The damage is usually concentrated on the outer edges and lower parts of the plant, where it's easiest for them to reach.

2. Missing Foliage Patches:

   • Large sections of foliage, often entire small branches, may be completely gone, leaving noticeable gaps in the plant's structure.
   • The usually dense, compact appearance of the arborvitae will become sparse and "eaten away" in patches.

3. Winter Browning/Yellowing and Dieback:

   • Stress: Repeated browsing during fall and winter can severely stress the arborvitae, particularly if the plant is already dealing with cold, drought, or winter desiccation.
   • Appearance: Browsed areas may turn brown or yellow and eventually die back, leaving dead, woody sections that will not recover.

4. Rubbing Damage (Less Common, but Possible on Trunks):

   • Appearance: Male deer (bucks) rub their antlers on young trees and shrubs to remove velvet or mark territory, usually in late summer to fall. This can strip bark from the main stem or larger branches, leaving raw wounds.
   • Result: This can girdle a young arborvitae, leading to its death, or create entry points for disease. The damage is lower on the trunk, often vertical scrapes.

5. Tracks and Droppings:

   • Presence: Look for tell-tale deer tracks (cloven hooves) in soft soil or snow around the damaged plants.
   • Scat: Small, pellet-like deer droppings near the plants are another definitive sign.

6. Deformed or Stunted Growth:

   • If arborvitae are repeatedly browsed year after year, they will often develop a distorted, stunted, or misshapen appearance as they try to regrow from damaged areas. They will lose their natural conical or columnar form.

By observing these specific signs, particularly the ragged browsing on lower branches and the presence of a distinct browse line, you can be fairly certain that deer are causing the damage to your arborvitae plants. This identification is crucial for implementing effective deer deterrents. A good wildlife camera can provide definitive proof.

What Are the Most Effective Deer Deterrents for Arborvitae?

Given that arborvitae are highly susceptible to deer damage, employing effective deer deterrents is not optional but essential for their survival and health. A multi-pronged approach that combines physical barriers, repellents, and sometimes scare tactics offers the best chance of protecting these shrubs from hungry deer. No single method is 100% foolproof, so combining strategies is key.

Here are the most effective deer deterrents for arborvitae:

1. Physical Barriers (Most Reliable):

   • Fencing: A tall, sturdy fence is the most effective long-term solution. For deer, a fence needs to be at least 8 feet tall to prevent them from jumping over it. A deer fence kit is a significant investment but offers superior protection.
   • Individual Cages/Wraps: For young or specimen arborvitae, create individual cages using heavy-gauge wire mesh (e.g., galvanized hardware cloth). Secure the cages around the plant, extending at least 6 feet high and anchoring them to the ground. This also protects against buck rub.
   • Burlap Wraps: In winter, wrapping individual arborvitae in burlap can provide temporary protection from browsing, as well as winter desiccation. Ensure it's tied securely and doesn't rub the foliage.

2. Deer Repellents:

   • Mechanism: Repellents work by making the arborvitae taste or smell unappetizing to deer. They fall into two main categories:
     • Taste Repellents: Contain ingredients like putrescent egg solids, hot pepper, or bittering agents. Deer learn to avoid eating treated plants.
     • Scent Repellents: Emit odors deer dislike, such as garlic, strong animal scents (e.g., coyote urine), or mint.
   • Application: Apply repellents before deer start browsing and reapply frequently, especially after rain, watering, or new growth emerges. Regular rotation of different repellent types can prevent deer from becoming accustomed to one.
   • Recommendation: Look for commercial deer repellent sprays with active ingredients like putrescent egg solids (e.g., Liquid Fence, Deer Out).
   • Caution: Repellents are less effective with very high deer pressure or when deer are extremely hungry. They are a management tool, not a complete solution.

3. Scare Tactics (Temporary Effectiveness):

   • Devices: Motion-activated sprinklers, ultrasonic devices, bright lights, or even radios can temporarily deter deer.
   • Limitation: Deer are intelligent and quickly habituate to static scare devices. Rotate or move them frequently to maintain some effectiveness.
   • Recommendation: A motion-activated sprinkler that delivers a sudden spray of water can be quite effective for a period.

4. Strategic Planting (Less Effective for Arborvitae):

   • Interplanting: While sometimes suggested for other plants, interplanting arborvitae with strongly scented, deer-resistant plants (e.g., lavender, rosemary, catmint) is usually not enough to deter deer from browsing a preferred plant like arborvitae, especially when hungry.

5. Professional Consulting:

   • For persistent problems or large properties, consider consulting with a local wildlife management expert or a professional landscape designer experienced in deer mitigation.

For reliable protection of arborvitae plants in areas with deer, a combination of physical barriers and consistent repellent use is generally the most successful strategy. Prevention is far easier than trying to repair extensive deer damage.

Are There Any Deer-Resistant Arborvitae Varieties?

No, unfortunately, there are no truly deer-resistant arborvitae varieties that consistently repel deer in all situations. All cultivated types of arborvitae (Thuja) are susceptible to deer browsing. While some varieties might be less preferred than others under certain conditions, a hungry deer will eat any arborvitae, regardless of its specific cultivar. Claims of "deer resistance" for arborvitae are generally misleading.

Here's a detailed look at the reality:

• No Immunity: No cultivar of Thuja occidentalis (American Arborvitae) or Thuja plicata (Western Red Cedar), or their hybrids, possesses an inherent chemical or physical defense mechanism that makes them immune to deer browsing. Their foliage is simply too palatable, especially when other food sources are scarce.
• Misleading "Resistance" Ratings:
  • Some nurseries or plant tags might list certain arborvitae varieties as "deer resistant" or "rarely damaged." These ratings are often based on observations in specific areas with low deer pressure or when deer have abundant alternative food sources.
  • Under high deer pressure, especially in winter or during drought, these "resistant" varieties will be browsed just as readily as any other.
• "Preferred" vs. "Less Preferred":
  • It's more accurate to talk about degrees of preference, rather than resistance. Some anecdotal evidence suggests that certain varieties might be slightly less palatable than others.
  • For example, some sources suggest that 'Green Giant' Arborvitae (Thuja plicata 'Green Giant') might be slightly less prone to damage than 'Emerald Green' (Thuja occidentalis 'Emerald Green'), perhaps due to its larger, more open habit, or slightly coarser texture. However, countless gardeners report significant deer damage to 'Green Giant' as well.
  • Factors influencing "preference" (if any):
    • Texture: Varieties with slightly coarser or more aromatic foliage might be briefly passed over for softer options.
    • Growth Habit: Very dense, tight-foliage varieties might be easier for deer to tear at.
    • Availability: If one variety is more abundant, it might be browsed more heavily.

Specific Varieties Often Mentioned (But Still Vulnerable):

• **'Green Giant' Arborvitae (Thuja plicata 'Green Giant'):** Often cited as "less preferred" due to its rapid growth and potential to outgrow deer browse height quickly. However, young plants are very vulnerable, and persistent deer will still browse it.
• **'Emerald Green' (Thuja occidentalis 'Emerald Green'):** Very commonly planted and equally commonly browsed.
• **'Nigra' (Thuja occidentalis 'Nigra'):** Another popular variety, highly susceptible.

The take-home message is clear: If you live in an area with a significant deer population, do not plant arborvitae (of any variety) with the expectation that it will be deer resistant. You must anticipate and implement active deer deterrents (fencing, robust repellents, caging) from the moment you plant them. Relying on a variety's "resistance" claim for arborvitae is likely to lead to disappointment and damaged plants. For guaranteed deer resistance, consider other types of evergreen shrubs.

What Are Good Deer-Resistant Alternatives to Arborvitae?

If arborvitae are not deer resistant and you live in an area with active deer populations, choosing deer-resistant alternatives is the most reliable way to ensure your hedges, screens, and evergreens remain undamaged. Many plants possess natural characteristics (strong scent, tough texture, toxicity) that deer find unappetizing.

Here are some excellent deer-resistant alternatives to arborvitae for various landscape uses:

1. For Evergreen Hedges/Screens (Similar Form to Upright Arborvitae):

   • Spruce (Picea spp.): Many spruce varieties (e.g., Colorado Blue Spruce, Norway Spruce) are deer-resistant due to their sharp, prickly needles. They offer dense evergreen screening.
   • Fir (Abies spp.): Most firs (e.g., Concolor Fir) have softer needles than spruce but are still generally deer-resistant.
   • Boxwood (Buxus sempervirens): Excellent for formal, dense evergreen hedges. Deer typically avoid its unpalatable foliage. A very popular choice, often seen in deer-heavy areas.
   • *Juniper (Juniperus spp.):* Many juniper varieties, particularly those with prickly or scale-like foliage (like 'Blue Point' or 'Spartan'), are deer-resistant. Some can get very large, others are ground covers.
   • Holly (Ilex spp.): Varieties with spiny leaves (e.g., 'Nellie R. Stevens' Holly, English Holly) are typically deer-resistant. Some are broadleaf evergreens that can form dense screens.
   • *False Cypress (Chamaecyparis spp.):* Many species and cultivars are generally less preferred by deer than arborvitae. Their foliage can be soft and feathery, or more scale-like.
   • *Yew (Taxus spp.):* While toxic to deer, they generally avoid yew. They are dense evergreens, but slower growing than arborvitae. Be cautious, as yews are toxic to many animals if consumed.

2. For General Evergreen Shrubs (Deer-Resistant):

   • Bayberry (Myrica pensylvanica): A native, aromatic shrub.
   • *Rhododendron/Azalea (Rhododendron spp.):* Generally deer-resistant (though extremely hungry deer might sample). Their leaves are often tough or toxic.
   • *Mahonia (Mahonia spp.):* Spiny, holly-like foliage makes them unappealing.
   • Pieris japonica (Andromeda): Tough, leathery leaves.
   • Nandina domestica (Heavenly Bamboo): Generally deer-resistant, though some varieties can be invasive in warm climates.

3. For Deciduous Shrubs/Trees (Deer-Resistant):

   • *Lilac (Syringa spp.):* Deer usually avoid the pungent foliage of lilacs.
   • *Dogwood (Cornus spp.):* Many dogwood species are deer-resistant.
   • Weigela (Weigela florida): Generally avoided by deer.
   • *Hydrangea (Hydrangea spp.):* Most hydrangeas are generally considered deer-resistant, with the exception of Hydrangea macrophylla (Bigleaf Hydrangea) which can sometimes be browsed.

General Characteristics of Deer-Resistant Plants:

• Aromatic Foliage: Strong scents (e.g., lavender, rosemary, mint, some conifers).
• Fuzzy/Hairy Leaves: Unpleasant texture (e.g., Lamb's Ear, Stachys byzantina).
• Prickly/Spiny: Thorny stems, sharp needles, or spiny leaves (e.g., barberry, some junipers, hollies).
• Toxic: Plants that are poisonous to deer.
• Tough/Leathery Foliage: Leaves that are simply too hard to chew.

Remember, no plant is 100% deer-proof, especially if deer are very hungry or their populations are extremely high. However, choosing from these deer-resistant alternatives will dramatically increase your chances of having a thriving, undamaged landscape without the constant battle of protecting arborvitae. Always cross-reference with your local nursery or extension office for varieties that perform well in your specific climate zone.

How to Protect Existing Arborvitae from Deer Long-Term?

Protecting existing arborvitae from deer long-term requires a consistent and integrated strategy, as these plants are highly attractive to deer. Relying on a single method is rarely sufficient, so combining physical barriers, repellents, and ongoing maintenance offers the best chance for their survival and a healthy appearance. This is a commitment for the life of the plant in a deer-prone area.

Here's how to implement a long-term protection plan for your arborvitae:

1. Permanent Physical Fencing (Most Effective):

   • Initial Investment: If deer pressure is high and you want to ensure the survival of your arborvitae, a sturdy deer fence around your entire property or a specific planting area is the most reliable solution.
   • Height: The fence should be at least 8 feet tall to prevent deer from jumping over.
   • Material: Options include woven wire, high-tensile electric fence, or solid panels.
   • Maintenance: Regularly inspect the fence for breaches or damage.

2. Individual Plant Protection (for Smaller Plantings/Specimens):

   • Sturdy Cages: For individual arborvitae, especially young plants or those you want to maintain in pristine condition, construct sturdy cages from heavy-gauge galvanized hardware cloth. The cage should be at least 6 feet high and wide enough to allow for future growth without touching the foliage. Anchor it firmly into the ground.
   • Winter Wraps: In winter, wrap plants with burlap or tree wrap. This deters browsing and offers protection from winter desiccation. Ensure the wrap is removed in spring.

3. Consistent Use of Deer Repellents:

   • Rotation: Deer can habituate to repellents. Rotate between different types of repellents (e.g., a taste repellent like Liquid Fence one month, a scent repellent the next) to keep them guessing.
   • Reapply Regularly: Repellents need to be reapplied every 2-4 weeks, or immediately after heavy rain or new growth emerges. During winter, when food is scarce, more frequent applications might be necessary.
   • Start Early: Begin applying repellents before deer browsing becomes a problem, ideally in late fall or early winter.
   • Coverage: Ensure thorough coverage of all accessible foliage.

4. Strategic Lighting/Scare Tactics (Supplemental, Not Standalone):

   • Motion-Activated Devices: Motion-activated sprinklers can be effective for a time, especially for deterring nocturnal browsing.
   • Intermittent Use: Move or rotate scare devices frequently to prevent deer from getting used to them. These are best used as a supplement to more reliable methods.

5. Pruning for Damage Control and Encouraging Regrowth:

   • Remove Damaged Branches: If browsing occurs, carefully prune out any dead or severely damaged branches back to healthy wood.
   • Encourage New Growth: Pruning can stimulate new growth, but this new, tender growth will also be highly attractive to deer, so continue protective measures.

6. Maintain Overall Plant Health:

   • Healthy, well-watered, and properly fertilized arborvitae are more resilient and can recover better from minor browsing. Ensure they are not stressed by drought or nutrient deficiencies. A soil test kit can help identify nutrient issues.

By diligently combining these long-term protection strategies, you can significantly reduce deer damage to your arborvitae plants, allowing them to grow into the healthy, attractive landscape features they are meant to be.