Tips for Care and Planting Calla Lilies - Plant Care Guide

To care for and plant calla lilies successfully, choose a site with full sun to partial shade and well-draining, rich soil. Plant the rhizomes 2-4 inches deep in spring after the last frost, ensuring consistent moisture, especially during their blooming period.

What are calla lilies and why should I grow them?

Calla lilies are elegant, trumpet-shaped flowers botanically known as Zantedeschia. Despite their common name, they are not true lilies but belong to the Araceae family, making them relatives of peace lilies and philodendrons. Their striking, waxy blooms (actually modified leaves called spathes) and often spotted foliage add a touch of sophistication to any garden or floral arrangement.

What are the main types of calla lilies?

While all calla lilies share a distinctive trumpet shape, they fall into two general categories with slightly different characteristics and care needs.

• Large, White Calla Lilies (Zantedeschia aethiopica):
  • Appearance: These are the classic, stately calla lilies, known for their pure white spathes, bright yellow spadix (the central spike), and lush, deep green foliage. They are generally larger plants, often growing 2-3 feet tall.
  • Growing Habit: They are tender perennials in warmer climates (USDA Zones 8-10) and can be grown as marginal aquatic plants, thriving in boggy conditions or shallow water. In cooler zones, they are typically grown as annuals or the rhizomes are dug up and stored over winter.
  • Preferred Conditions: They love plenty of moisture and can tolerate more shade than their colored cousins.
• Colored Calla Lilies (Zantedeschia hybrida varieties):
  • Appearance: These offer a dazzling array of colors, including yellow, orange, pink, red, purple, and even black. Their spathes are often smaller, and the plants themselves are generally more compact, typically growing 1-2 feet tall. Their foliage can be plain green or beautifully spotted with white.
  • Growing Habit: These are also tender perennials, usually grown from tuberous rhizomes. They are less tolerant of boggy conditions and prefer well-drained soil. In all but the warmest zones, their rhizomes must be lifted and stored for winter.
  • Preferred Conditions: They prefer slightly drier conditions and more sun than the white varieties.

Understanding these two types helps you choose the right calla lily for your garden and provides tailored care.

What are the benefits of growing calla lilies in your garden?

Growing calla lilies offers numerous advantages, making them a popular choice for both experienced and novice gardeners.

• Stunning Beauty: Their elegant, sculptural flowers are incredibly eye-catching, adding a touch of sophistication and drama to borders, containers, or cut flower arrangements. The wide range of colors available allows for diverse design possibilities.
• Long-Lasting Blooms: Calla lilies produce flowers that last for weeks on the plant and even longer as cut flowers, providing extended enjoyment.
• Versatile Design: They fit beautifully into various garden styles, from formal and contemporary to tropical and cottage gardens. They can be planted in masses, as specimen plants, or alongside other perennials.
• Great for Cut Flowers: Calla lilies are highly prized by florists for their unique shape and durability. Growing your own allows for a constant supply of fresh, beautiful blooms for bouquets and centerpieces.
• Container Gardening: The more compact colored varieties are excellent for container planting, allowing you to enjoy them on patios, balconies, or even indoors, and making it easy to overwinter their rhizomes.
• Attractive Foliage: Many colored varieties feature striking white-spotted foliage, which adds ornamental interest even when the plants are not in bloom.
• Relatively Easy to Grow: With the right conditions and a little attention, calla lilies are quite forgiving and straightforward to grow, even for beginners.
• Attract Pollinators (Subtly): While not their primary feature, they can attract some pollinators like bees, especially the large white varieties which have a subtle fragrance.
• Tropical Appeal: Their lush foliage and exotic flowers bring a tropical flair to temperate gardens, creating a vacation-like atmosphere.

Where is the best place to plant calla lilies?

Choosing the right location for your calla lilies is paramount to their success. Their specific needs for sunlight, soil, and moisture vary slightly between the white and colored varieties, so matching the plant to the spot is key.

How much sunlight do calla lilies need?

The amount of sun calla lilies prefer depends on the variety and your climate.

• Full Sun to Partial Shade: In most regions, calla lilies thrive with a mix of sun exposure.
  • White Calla Lilies (Z. aethiopica): These prefer a little more shade, especially in hot climates. In cooler zones, they can handle full sun, but in warmer areas, partial shade (4-6 hours of morning sun with afternoon shade) is ideal. They can even tolerate full shade, though they might produce fewer flowers. They also thrive in boggy conditions and along water margins.
  • Colored Calla Lilies (Z. hybrida): These generally prefer more sun to produce the best blooms. Full sun to partial sun (6+ hours of morning or dappled afternoon sun) is usually best. In very hot climates (e.g., zones 9-11), some afternoon shade can protect their vibrant colors from fading and prevent leaf scorch.
• Avoid Intense Afternoon Sun in Hot Climates: Too much scorching afternoon sun can cause leaves to burn and flowers to fade prematurely, particularly for the colored varieties.

What kind of soil is best for calla lilies?

Calla lilies are quite particular about their soil, needing a delicate balance of moisture retention and excellent drainage.

• Rich, Organic Soil: They perform best in soil that is generously amended with compost, aged manure, or other organic matter. This provides essential nutrients and improves soil structure.
• Well-Draining: This is crucial, especially for the colored varieties. Calla lily rhizomes are prone to rot in soggy, waterlogged soil. Good drainage prevents this. If you have heavy clay soil, significantly amend it with organic matter and possibly some coarse sand or perlite.
• Consistently Moist (especially for white varieties): While well-draining, the soil should also retain moisture. White calla lilies, in particular, prefer constantly moist or even boggy conditions.
• Slightly Acidic to Neutral pH: Calla lilies generally prefer a soil pH between 6.0 and 7.0. A soil pH testing kit can help you determine your soil's current acidity.

Can I grow calla lilies in containers?

Absolutely! Calla lilies are fantastic candidates for container gardening, especially the colored varieties, which tend to be more compact.

• Excellent for Mobility: Growing in pots allows you to move the plants to optimize sun exposure, bring them indoors during cold snaps, or display them in prominent locations on patios or balconies.
• Easier Overwintering: For growers in cooler zones, container growing simplifies the process of lifting and storing rhizomes for winter.
• Pot Size: Choose pots that are at least 8-12 inches in diameter for a single large rhizome, or larger if planting multiple. Ensure the container has adequate drainage holes to prevent waterlogging.
• Potting Mix: Use a high-quality potting mix that is rich in organic matter and provides good drainage. A good organic potting mix like Foxfarm Ocean Forest Potting Soil is excellent.
• Watering: Container-grown calla lilies will dry out faster than those in the ground, so they will require more frequent watering.

By carefully considering these environmental factors, you can select the perfect spot for your calla lilies, ensuring they thrive and produce their breathtaking blooms.

How do I plant calla lily rhizomes?

Planting calla lily rhizomes correctly is fundamental to their successful growth and abundant flowering. It's a straightforward process, but paying attention to depth, spacing, and timing makes all the difference.

When is the best time to plant calla lily rhizomes?

Timing is crucial to give your calla lilies the best start.

• Spring Planting: The ideal time to plant calla lily rhizomes is in spring, after all danger of frost has passed and the soil has begun to warm up. This is typically when nighttime temperatures consistently stay above 50°F (10°C).
• Warmer Climates (Zones 8-10): In very warm, frost-free zones, you can plant calla lilies in late winter or early spring.
• Container Planting: If starting in containers indoors, you can plant them 4-6 weeks before the last frost date to get a head start, then move them outdoors once temperatures are consistently warm.

Step-by-step guide to planting calla lily rhizomes

Whether planting in the ground or in containers, these steps will set your calla lilies up for success.

1. Prepare the Planting Site: Ensure your soil is prepared as described in the previous section – rich in organic matter, well-draining, and at the correct pH. If planting in a container, fill it with a high-quality potting mix.
2. Inspect Rhizomes: Before planting, inspect your calla lily rhizomes. They look like lumpy, elongated tubers. Look for any visible "eyes" or growth points. Discard any rhizomes that feel soft, mushy, or show signs of rot.
3. Determine Planting Depth: This is important for optimal growth.
   • Plant calla lily rhizomes 2-4 inches deep (5-10 cm).
   • The "eyes" or growth points should be facing upwards. If you can't clearly tell which way is up, plant the rhizome horizontally, and it will figure out which way to grow.
4. Spacing:
   • When planting in the ground, space individual rhizomes 12-18 inches apart to allow for ample growth and air circulation.
   • In containers, you can plant them closer, typically 4-6 inches apart, for a fuller display.
5. Place the Rhizome: Place the rhizome in the prepared hole or container.
6. Cover with Soil: Gently backfill the hole with soil, ensuring the rhizome is completely covered to the recommended depth. Lightly firm the soil around the rhizome.
7. Water Thoroughly: Immediately after planting, give the area a deep watering. This helps settle the soil around the rhizome and provides essential moisture for initial growth.
8. Initial Care:
   • Keep Moist: Keep the soil consistently moist (but not waterlogged) as the rhizomes begin to sprout. This might take a few weeks.
   • Sunlight: Ensure they receive the appropriate amount of sunlight for their variety and your climate.

By following these planting guidelines, you'll provide your calla lilies with the best possible foundation to grow into magnificent, blooming plants.

How do I care for my calla lilies throughout the growing season?

Once your calla lilies are planted and begin to sprout, consistent care throughout the growing season ensures they produce abundant, beautiful flowers. This involves attentive watering, appropriate feeding, and managing potential pests and diseases.

How much water do calla lilies need?

Watering is one of the most critical aspects of calla lily care, with specific needs depending on the variety.

• White Calla Lilies (Z. aethiopica): These are known for being moisture-loving. They prefer consistently moist to even boggy conditions. If growing in the garden, they will need frequent watering, especially during dry spells. If grown as an aquatic plant, ensure their roots are submerged.
• Colored Calla Lilies (Z. hybrida): These varieties prefer consistently moist but well-draining soil. They do not like to sit in soggy conditions, as this can lead to rhizome rot.
• General Rule: During the active growing and blooming season (spring through summer), keep the soil consistently moist.
  • Check Soil: Always check the soil moisture before watering. Stick your finger about an inch or two into the soil. If it feels dry, it's time to water. A soil moisture meter can provide accurate readings.
  • Deep Watering: Water deeply to encourage robust root growth. Avoid shallow, frequent sprinkles.
• Reduce Watering in Fall: As the plant prepares for dormancy in late summer/fall, gradually reduce watering.

Do calla lilies need fertilizer?

Calla lilies benefit from feeding, especially if your soil isn't naturally rich, to support their lush foliage and impressive blooms.

• Balanced Fertilizer: Use a balanced, slow-release granular fertilizer (e.g., 5-10-10 or 8-8-8) or a liquid feed at half strength. A fertilizer with a slightly higher phosphorus (P) content can encourage more blooms.
• Application Timing:
  • Early Spring: The first application should be in early spring as new growth emerges.
  • Mid-Summer (Optional): A second, lighter application can be given in mid-summer, particularly for container-grown plants or those with a very long blooming season.
• Avoid Over-Fertilizing: Too much nitrogen can lead to excessive leafy growth at the expense of flowers. Always follow the manufacturer's recommendations for application rates.
• Compost: Incorporating a layer of compost into the soil each spring is an excellent way to provide a slow, steady supply of nutrients and improve soil health.

How do I deadhead calla lilies?

Deadheading, the removal of spent flowers, is a simple task that benefits your calla lilies.

• Encourages More Blooms: By removing faded flowers, the plant redirects its energy from seed production into producing more blooms, extending the flowering season.
• Improves Appearance: It keeps the plant looking tidy and attractive.
• How to Deadhead: Once a flower spathe starts to fade and turn green or brown, simply cut the flower stalk at its base, near the bottom of the plant. Use clean, sharp pruning shears for a clean cut.

What are common pests and diseases of calla lilies?

Calla lilies are generally quite robust, but they can encounter a few issues.

• Pests:
  • Aphids: Small, soft-bodied insects that cluster on new growth. Blast them off with a strong spray of water or use insecticidal soap.
  • Spider Mites: Tiny pests that cause stippling on leaves and fine webbing, especially in hot, dry conditions. Increase humidity and use insecticidal soap.
  • Snails and Slugs: Can chew holes in leaves, especially in moist conditions. Hand-pick them, use organic slug bait, or create physical barriers.
• Diseases:
  • Rhizome Rot: This is the most common and serious problem, caused by overwatering or poorly draining soil. The rhizome becomes soft and mushy, and the plant wilts and turns yellow.
    • Solution: Improve drainage and adjust watering. If detected early, you might be able to dig up the rhizome, cut out rotten parts, and replant in better-draining soil.
  • Bacterial Soft Rot: Causes similar symptoms to rhizome rot.
  • Leaf Spot Fungi: Can appear as dark spots on leaves, especially in humid conditions with poor air circulation.
    • Solution: Ensure good air circulation, avoid overhead watering, and remove affected leaves. Fungicides are rarely necessary.

Regular inspection of your plants will help you catch any issues early, making them much easier to resolve and keeping your calla lilies healthy and beautiful throughout the growing season.

How do I overwinter calla lilies in cooler climates?

For gardeners in colder regions (below USDA Zone 8 for white callas or Zone 7 for colored callas), calla lilies are not reliably hardy. To enjoy them year after year, you'll need to lift and store their rhizomes (for colored varieties) or simply manage their dormancy (for white varieties).

When should I lift calla lily rhizomes for winter?

Timing the lifting of your calla lily rhizomes is important for their successful storage.

• Wait for Foliage to Die Back: For colored calla lilies, wait until the foliage naturally begins to yellow and die back in late summer or early fall. This indicates the plant is entering dormancy and redirecting energy back into the rhizome.
• Before First Hard Frost: Lift the rhizomes before the first hard frost arrives. A light frost might blacken the leaves, which is fine, but a hard freeze can damage the rhizomes if they are still in the ground.

Step-by-step guide to lifting and storing calla lily rhizomes

Lifting and storing is a straightforward process that ensures your beautiful callas return next spring.

1. Prepare the Rhizomes:
   • Once the foliage has yellowed, use a spade or garden fork to carefully dig around the clump of calla lilies.
   • Gently lift the entire clump from the ground.
   • Carefully shake off excess soil from the rhizomes.
   • Trim the remaining foliage back to about 2-4 inches from the top of the rhizome using clean, sharp pruners.
2. Cure (Dry) the Rhizomes:
   • Place the rhizomes in a single layer in a warm, dry, well-ventilated area (like a garage, shed, or even indoors on a newspaper) for 1-2 weeks.
   • This "curing" process allows the outer skin of the rhizome to dry and harden, which helps prevent rot during storage.
   • Ensure good air circulation during this phase.
3. Prepare for Storage:
   • Once cured, gently brush off any remaining loose soil.
   • Inspect the rhizomes for any signs of damage or rot. Trim away any questionable parts using a clean knife, and allow the cut surface to dry for a day before storing.
4. Store the Rhizomes:
   • Place the dry rhizomes in a breathable material, such as a paper bag, mesh bag, or a cardboard box filled with a slightly damp, sterile medium like peat moss, vermiculite, or sawdust. The medium should be just barely moist, not wet, to prevent dehydration without promoting rot.
   • Optimal Storage Conditions: Store in a cool, dark, dry, and frost-free location where temperatures remain between 40-50°F (4-10°C). An unheated basement, cool closet, or even a protected pantry can work.
   • Check Periodically: During winter storage, occasionally check your rhizomes for signs of shriveling (too dry) or mold/rot (too wet or poor air circulation). Adjust storage conditions if needed.

What about overwintering white calla lilies (Z. aethiopica)?

White calla lilies, particularly Z. aethiopica, have slightly different overwintering requirements due to their moisture-loving nature and often larger size.

• In-Ground (Warmer Climates, Zone 8-10): In these zones, white calla lilies are often hardy and can remain in the ground year-round. They may go dormant during a dry summer or a mild winter, only to re-emerge when conditions are favorable. Mulching can provide extra protection in Zone 8.
• Container Grown (Cooler Climates): If grown in containers in cooler zones:
  • Bring Indoors: Move the entire pot indoors to a cool, bright location before the first hard frost.
  • Reduced Watering: Reduce watering significantly once indoors. Allow the soil to dry out between waterings, as the plant will be in a semi-dormant state. Do not let it dry out completely, but avoid keeping it soggy.
  • Reintroduce Water/Sun: As spring approaches, gradually increase watering and move it back to brighter light to encourage new growth.
• Dormancy Period: Regardless of method, white callas often benefit from a short period of dormancy (cooler, drier conditions) to recharge for the next blooming season.

By properly overwintering your calla lily rhizomes, you ensure their survival and readiness to burst forth with their spectacular blooms again in the spring, allowing you to enjoy these magnificent plants for many years.

What are the best uses for calla lilies in the landscape?

Calla lilies, with their striking form and varied colors, offer immense versatility in garden design. Understanding their best applications helps maximize their visual impact and ensures they thrive in their chosen roles.

How can I use calla lilies in garden beds and borders?

Calla lilies are natural stars in garden beds and borders, adding elegance and drama.

• Mass Planting: For a truly breathtaking display, plant a large group of calla lilies of the same color. This creates a bold, impactful statement and emphasizes their architectural form.
• Mixed Borders: Integrate calla lilies with other perennials that have complementary colors or textures.
  • Foliage Contrast: Their broad, often spotted leaves provide a beautiful contrast to fine-textured plants like ferns or ornamental grasses.
  • Color Harmony: Pair colored callas with plants that have similar hues (e.g., orange callas with marigolds) or contrasting colors for a vibrant look (e.g., purple callas with chartreuse foliage).
  • Height Variation: Use taller white callas as a backdrop or focal point, with shorter plants in front.
• Focal Points: A single, well-placed clump of calla lilies, particularly the larger white varieties, can serve as an exquisite focal point in a border, drawing the eye and adding sophistication.
• Tropical Theme: Combine calla lilies with other tropical-looking plants like cannas, elephant ears, and hardy bananas to create an exotic, lush garden retreat.

How can I use calla lilies in containers and pots?

Container gardening is an exceptional way to showcase calla lilies, offering flexibility and control over their environment.

• Patio and Balcony Decor: Place potted calla lilies on patios, decks, or balconies to bring their elegance closer to living spaces. Their compact size (especially colored varieties) makes them ideal for smaller areas.
• Entryway Accents: Use matching pots of calla lilies to flank a doorway or gate, creating a welcoming and sophisticated entrance.
• Mixed Container Arrangements: Combine calla lilies with other container plants that have similar light and moisture needs.
  • "Thriller, Filler, Spiller": A tall calla lily can act as the "thriller" (focal point), surrounded by "filler" plants like impatiens or coleus, and "spillers" like sweet potato vine trailing over the edges.
  • Single Specimen: A single large rhizome in an attractive pot can make a stunning statement piece.
• Movable Displays: The ability to move potted callas allows you to rearrange your garden aesthetics easily, bring them indoors during inclement weather, or overwinter them with minimal fuss.
• Water Gardens (for Z. aethiopica): White calla lilies can be grown in containers placed directly into shallow water features or bog gardens, mimicking their natural habitat.

What about cut flowers and indoor displays?

Calla lilies are among the most sought-after cut flowers, celebrated for their longevity and striking appearance in bouquets and vases.

• Vase Life: Calla lilies have an excellent vase life, often lasting 1-2 weeks when properly cared for.
• Cutting Techniques:
  • Harvest flowers when the spathe is about two-thirds open.
  • Cut the stems cleanly at an angle with sharp shears or a knife.
  • Remove any foliage that would be below the waterline in your vase to prevent bacterial growth.
• Care for Cut Flowers: Place them immediately into water with a floral preservative. Change the water every other day and re-cut the stems for best results.
• Dramatic Centerpieces: Their bold form makes them perfect for creating dramatic, modern centerpieces or sleek, minimalist arrangements.
• Bridal Bouquets: White calla lilies are classic choices for bridal bouquets, symbolizing purity and elegance.
• Gift from the Garden: Sharing your homegrown calla lily blooms with friends and family is a wonderful way to spread joy and showcase your gardening success.

By thoughtfully incorporating calla lilies into your landscape design, whether in garden beds, containers, or as stunning cut flowers, you can fully appreciate their unique beauty and add a touch of timeless sophistication to your home and garden.